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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Simpsonregel</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Simpsonregel</b> oder <b>simpsonsche Formel</b> (nach <a href="Thomas_Simpson_(Mathematiker)" title="Thomas Simpson (Mathematiker)">Thomas Simpson</a>) ist ein Verfahren der <a href="Numerische_Integration" title="Numerische Integration">numerischen Integration</a>, bei dem eine Näherung zum <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integral</a> einer in einem <a href="Intervall_(Mathematik)" title="Intervall (Mathematik)">Intervall</a> schwer zu integrierenden <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktion</a> berechnet wird, indem man die Funktion durch eine exakt integrierbare <a href="Parabel_(Mathematik)" title="Parabel (Mathematik)">Parabel</a> annähert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regel">Regel</h2></div>
<p>Für eine <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5ab61178bf5349838758ffe3d96135406ed0245.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.16ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> im <a href="Intervall_(Mathematik)" title="Intervall (Mathematik)">Intervall</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> wird eine <a href="Parabel_(Mathematik)" title="Parabel (Mathematik)">Parabel</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> als <a href="Interpolationspolynom" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpolationspolynom">Interpolationspolynom</a> durch die Funktionswerte an den Stellen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m={\tfrac {a+b}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m={\tfrac {a+b}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3a109c442a8f5e5ad6275781263719cebf6bd34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.829ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m={\tfrac {a+b}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> gelegt. Das <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integral</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> nähert man dann durch das Integral der Parabel an. Die Simpsonregel für das Integral
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,\mathrm {d} x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,\mathrm {d} x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70464991f21c191ecebbd760be0caf83ad26dc96.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:15.786ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,\mathrm {d} x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>lautet dann
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S(f)={\frac {b-a}{6}}\cdot \left(f(a)+4f(m)+f(b)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S(f)={\frac {b-a}{6}}\cdot \left(f(a)+4f(m)+f(b)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe87146da19ceafb478a489690b35f4443f68859.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:37.453ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S(f)={\frac {b-a}{6}}\cdot \left(f(a)+4f(m)+f(b)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Der Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04cf5fa5e69ff1a6bde0d265f3c319c17d7cf62f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.587ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S(f)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist dann eine Näherung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}" loading="lazy"></span>. Somit ist die Simpsonregel eine <a href="Newton-Cotes-Formeln#Abgeschlossene_Newton-Cotes-Formeln" title="Newton-Cotes-Formeln">abgeschlossene Newton-Cotes-Formel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fehlerabschätzung"><span id="Fehlerabsch.C3.A4tzung"></span>Fehlerabschätzung</h2></div>
<p>Das <b>Restglied</b> (alternativ der <b>Quadraturfehler</b>) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d733654dab86d76c9ed9ba7f4473250dfea33d3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(f)}" loading="lazy"></span> beschreibt die Differenz des tatsächlichen <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integrals</a> und der Näherung durch die Simpsonregel:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J(f)=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,\mathrm {d} x=S(f)+E(f).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J(f)=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,\mathrm {d} x=S(f)+E(f).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a3029abdb3d9985f3e5a7565aaff828a0268d62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:34.91ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J(f)=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,\mathrm {d} x=S(f)+E(f).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/202945cce41ecebb6f643f31d119c514bec7a074.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.418ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> viermal <a href="Stetig_differenzierbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Stetig differenzierbar">stetig differenzierbar</a> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann gilt für das Restglied <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d733654dab86d76c9ed9ba7f4473250dfea33d3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(f)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Abschätzung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|E(f)\right|\leq {\frac {(b-a)^{5}}{2880}}\max _{a\leq x\leq b}{\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>2880</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|E(f)\right|\leq {\frac {(b-a)^{5}}{2880}}\max _{a\leq x\leq b}{\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78a5b96ac460811d0495883eb07732c1336b495a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:32.603ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|E(f)\right|\leq {\frac {(b-a)^{5}}{2880}}\max _{a\leq x\leq b}{\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/202945cce41ecebb6f643f31d119c514bec7a074.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.418ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> zusätzlich noch reellwertig, dann gilt mit einer geeigneten Zwischenstelle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \zeta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \zeta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5c3916703cae7938143d38865f78f27faadd4ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.095ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \zeta }" loading="lazy"></span> aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> für das Restglied
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(f)=-{\frac {(b-a)^{5}}{2880}}{f^{(4)}(\zeta )}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>2880</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(f)=-{\frac {(b-a)^{5}}{2880}}{f^{(4)}(\zeta )}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa602d009f1cb6eb24fba815c749e6453c577e2f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:25.743ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(f)=-{\frac {(b-a)^{5}}{2880}}{f^{(4)}(\zeta )}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Diese Restglieddarstellung wurde 1887 von <a href="Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a> gefunden. Sie besagt insbesondere, dass die Simpsonregel <a href="Polynom" title="Polynom">Polynome</a> vom Grad drei exakt integriert, also einen Grad höher, als man nach Konstruktion erwarten würde. Diese Eigenschaft haben alle abgeschlossenen und offenen <a href="Newton-Cotes-Formeln" title="Newton-Cotes-Formeln">Newton-Cotes-Formeln</a> von geradem Grad.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veranschaulichung_durch_Rechteckflächen"><span id="Veranschaulichung_durch_Rechteckfl.C3.A4chen"></span>Veranschaulichung durch Rechteckflächen</h2></div>
<p>Das <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integral</a> der Näherungs-Parabel ist gleich der schraffierten Fläche von sechs Rechtecken, deren Breite jeweils <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{6}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{6}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bc02e655226b1a0e18922e932efff50531c48eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{6}}}" loading="lazy"></span> des <a href="Intervall_(Mathematik)" title="Intervall (Mathematik)">Intervalls</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Ein Rechteck hat dabei die Höhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(a)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(a)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/368cb4b81ba5754d7a354a4ce49c2f1084bdaace.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.318ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(a)}" loading="lazy"></span>, ein Rechteck die Höhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(b)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(b)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/adbef9aaf500c30a3f107e5d7efb7a8627d3bba9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.085ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(b)}" loading="lazy"></span> und vier Rechtecke die Höhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(m)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(m)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/be96847d02a80c6308e98140025d550f5c2262da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.128ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(m)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Hier sieht man auch den Zusammenhang mit der <a href="Trapezregel#Sehnentrapezformel" title="Trapezregel">Sehnentrapezformel</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T(f)={\frac {b-a}{2}}\ {\bigl (}f(a)+f(b){\bigr )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T(f)={\frac {b-a}{2}}\ {\bigl (}f(a)+f(b){\bigr )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9dc24e19cffd8a741415ead6292bf48c3adb647.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:27.68ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T(f)={\frac {b-a}{2}}\ {\bigl (}f(a)+f(b){\bigr )}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und der <a href="Trapezregel#Tangententrapezformel_oder_Mittelpunktsregel" title="Trapezregel">Tangententrapezformel oder Mittelpunktsregel</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(f)=(b-a)\ f\left({\frac {a+b}{2}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(f)=(b-a)\ f\left({\frac {a+b}{2}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a180f1fa5df4af507b05f61d95a0e2248b793cc4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:27.077ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(f)=(b-a)\ f\left({\frac {a+b}{2}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Während die zwei äußeren Rechtecke der mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9efc37d09854a3f8fb997e7de4331876bc49c2c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span> skalierten Sehnentrapezformel entsprechen, entsprechen die übrigen Rechtecke der mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/571a6ce6d697175e9e5e723b8c40eaa7efcfeaca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span> skalierten Tangententrapezformel. Es ergibt sich die Ausgangsformel der simpsonschen Formel:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S(f)={\frac {1}{3}}\ T(f)+{\frac {2}{3}}\ M(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S(f)={\frac {1}{3}}\ T(f)+{\frac {2}{3}}\ M(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e02fa78dabcc452c24c83805b6b2c61c94b6d31.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:25.939ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S(f)={\frac {1}{3}}\ T(f)+{\frac {2}{3}}\ M(f)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>aus der sich nach Einsetzen und Umformen die bereits bekannte simpsonsche Formel ergibt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S(f)={\frac {b-a}{6}}\left(f(a)+4f\left({\frac {a+b}{2}}\right)+f(b)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S(f)={\frac {b-a}{6}}\left(f(a)+4f\left({\frac {a+b}{2}}\right)+f(b)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fb0ad3f8de364f4c456a236212bcdbda90aed317.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:43.635ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S(f)={\frac {b-a}{6}}\left(f(a)+4f\left({\frac {a+b}{2}}\right)+f(b)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel">Beispiel</h2></div>
<p>Wir betrachten im Folgenden das Beispiel
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J(f)=\int _{0}^{2}3^{3x-1}\,\mathrm {d} x=\left[{\frac {3^{3x-2}}{\ln(3)}}\right]_{0}^{2}={\frac {3^{3\cdot 2-2}}{\ln(3)}}-{\frac {3^{3\cdot 0-2}}{\ln(3)}}={\frac {728}{9\ln(3)}}=73{,}628239\dots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>728</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>73,628</mn>
<mn>239</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J(f)=\int _{0}^{2}3^{3x-1}\,\mathrm {d} x=\left[{\frac {3^{3x-2}}{\ln(3)}}\right]_{0}^{2}={\frac {3^{3\cdot 2-2}}{\ln(3)}}-{\frac {3^{3\cdot 0-2}}{\ln(3)}}={\frac {728}{9\ln(3)}}=73{,}628239\dots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/94dbe92411853fa5f706f2af9b693931dbf1d0b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:77.886ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J(f)=\int _{0}^{2}3^{3x-1}\,\mathrm {d} x=\left[{\frac {3^{3x-2}}{\ln(3)}}\right]_{0}^{2}={\frac {3^{3\cdot 2-2}}{\ln(3)}}-{\frac {3^{3\cdot 0-2}}{\ln(3)}}={\frac {728}{9\ln(3)}}=73{,}628239\dots }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><b>Bemerkung</b>: Diese Funktion dient der Veranschaulichung und ist auf einfache Weise <a href="Elementare_Funktion" title="Elementare Funktion">elementar</a> <a href="Integrierbare_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrierbare Funktion">integrierbar</a>. In der Praxis werden die simpsonsche Formel und effizientere Verfahren zur <a href="Numerische_Integration" title="Numerische Integration">numerischen Integration</a> üblicherweise auf Funktionen angewendet, die nicht oder nicht effektiv elementar integrierbar sind.
</p><p>Gute Ergebnisse erzielt man, indem das <a href="Intervall_(Mathematik)" title="Intervall (Mathematik)">Intervall</a> in mehrere Teilintervalle zerlegt und die Simpsonregel in jedem dieser Teilintervalle anwendet. Diese Summationsvarianten werden nachfolgend vorgestellt und jeweils auf dieses Beispiel angewendet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summierte_simpsonsche_Formel">Summierte simpsonsche Formel</h2></div>
<p>Um das <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integral</a> noch besser annähern zu können, unterteilt man das <a href="Intervall_(Mathematik)" title="Intervall (Mathematik)">Intervall</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> in nebeneinanderliegende, gleich große Teilintervalle. In jedem Teilintervall wendet man die simpsonsche Formel für die einzelnen Teilflächen an und addiert danach die entstandenen Näherungen. Damit erhält man die <i>summierte</i> oder <i>zusammengesetzte</i> Simpsonregel. Es gibt unterschiedliche Notationen für die Unterteilung in Teilintervalle, die zu verschiedenen Formulierungen der summierten simpsonschen Formel führen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variante_1">Variante 1</h3></div>
<p>Hier unterteilt man das Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> nebeneinanderliegende, gleich große Teilintervalle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{i},x_{i+1}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{i},x_{i+1}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7138606cdb8eb7dddaba59b5aefe1ade6bc05a1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.687ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{i},x_{i+1}]}" loading="lazy"></span> der Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span>. In jedem Teilintervall wendet man die simpsonsche Formel
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot (f(x_{i})+4\cdot f\left({\frac {x_{i}+x_{i+1}}{2}}\right)+f(x_{i+1}))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot (f(x_{i})+4\cdot f\left({\frac {x_{i}+x_{i+1}}{2}}\right)+f(x_{i+1}))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1409b1e2f16bc0834bcc89bc71cfd19147bc59aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:41.844ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot (f(x_{i})+4\cdot f\left({\frac {x_{i}+x_{i+1}}{2}}\right)+f(x_{i+1}))}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>an und addiert danach die entstandenen Näherungen. Mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h={\frac {b-a}{N}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h={\frac {b-a}{N}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/40884140b7e265bf43da90fef7dcf90a340b96eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.341ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h={\frac {b-a}{N}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}=a+i\cdot h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}=a+i\cdot h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/40d83d4809309e020854a89c31325171ff72d50a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.119ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}=a+i\cdot h}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>erhält man:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{(N)}(f)={\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(f(x_{0})+4\cdot f\left({\frac {x_{0}+x_{1}}{2}}\right)+2\cdot f(x_{1})+4\cdot f\left({\frac {x_{1}+x_{2}}{2}}\right)+\dotsb +2\cdot f(x_{N-1})+4\cdot f\left({\frac {x_{N-1}+x_{N}}{2}}\right)+f(x_{N})\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S^{(N)}(f)={\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(f(x_{0})+4\cdot f\left({\frac {x_{0}+x_{1}}{2}}\right)+2\cdot f(x_{1})+4\cdot f\left({\frac {x_{1}+x_{2}}{2}}\right)+\dotsb +2\cdot f(x_{N-1})+4\cdot f\left({\frac {x_{N-1}+x_{N}}{2}}\right)+f(x_{N})\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b0eefc3883b5c0d3155db33d37435594d14361d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:123.999ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{(N)}(f)={\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(f(x_{0})+4\cdot f\left({\frac {x_{0}+x_{1}}{2}}\right)+2\cdot f(x_{1})+4\cdot f\left({\frac {x_{1}+x_{2}}{2}}\right)+\dotsb +2\cdot f(x_{N-1})+4\cdot f\left({\frac {x_{N-1}+x_{N}}{2}}\right)+f(x_{N})\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bzw.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{(N)}(f)={\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(f(x_{0})+2\sum _{i=1}^{N-1}f(x_{i})+4\sum _{i=1}^{N}f\left({\frac {x_{i-1}+x_{i}}{2}}\right)+f(x_{N})\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S^{(N)}(f)={\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(f(x_{0})+2\sum _{i=1}^{N-1}f(x_{i})+4\sum _{i=1}^{N}f\left({\frac {x_{i-1}+x_{i}}{2}}\right)+f(x_{N})\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0df213c3cc2326faf83ab7e5fe141b611acc0b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:69.444ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{(N)}(f)={\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(f(x_{0})+2\sum _{i=1}^{N-1}f(x_{i})+4\sum _{i=1}^{N}f\left({\frac {x_{i-1}+x_{i}}{2}}\right)+f(x_{N})\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beispiel_2">Beispiel</h4></div>
<p>Angewandt auf obiges Beispiel:
</p><p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4ab951d779fcdeea3ec188bb5c73518c46b19de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=3}" loading="lazy"></span> und somit die Schrittweite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {2}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {2}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/932be1e7c169070bc4aa58f0e0b39452d4abb9e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:6.096ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {2}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dann ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S^{(3)}(f)&={\frac {2}{18}}\left(f(0)+2\left(f\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)\right)+4\left(f\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {3}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {5}{3}}\right)\right)+f(2)\right)\\&={\frac {2002}{27}}=74{,}{\overline {148}}\\\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>18</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>5</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2002</mn>
<mn>27</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>74</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>148</mn>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S^{(3)}(f)&={\frac {2}{18}}\left(f(0)+2\left(f\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)\right)+4\left(f\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {3}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {5}{3}}\right)\right)+f(2)\right)\\&={\frac {2002}{27}}=74{,}{\overline {148}}\\\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/744e2736dd491d34e67db76e03289bbafcc15fbd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.171ex; width:88.674ex; height:11.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S^{(3)}(f)&={\frac {2}{18}}\left(f(0)+2\left(f\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)\right)+4\left(f\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {3}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {5}{3}}\right)\right)+f(2)\right)\\&={\frac {2002}{27}}=74{,}{\overline {148}}\\\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=6}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=6}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f87b8c5d4bce3e2d71bb4195b782a629146e9c7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=6}" loading="lazy"></span> und somit die Schrittweite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {2}{6}}={\tfrac {1}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {2}{6}}={\tfrac {1}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa5b04653686b6070517662f61ba1837c85657a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:10.852ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {2}{6}}={\tfrac {1}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dann ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S^{(6)}(f)&={\frac {1}{18}}\left(f(0)+2\left(f\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)+f(1)+f\left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {5}{3}}\right)\right)+f(2)\right)\\&+{\frac {1}{18}}\left(4\left(f\left({\frac {1}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {3}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {5}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {7}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {9}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {11}{6}}\right)\right)\right)\\&={\frac {728\cdot ({\sqrt {3}}+1)}{27}}=73{,}664184\dots \end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>18</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>5</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>18</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>5</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>7</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>9</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>11</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>728</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>27</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>73,664</mn>
<mn>184</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S^{(6)}(f)&={\frac {1}{18}}\left(f(0)+2\left(f\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)+f(1)+f\left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {5}{3}}\right)\right)+f(2)\right)\\&+{\frac {1}{18}}\left(4\left(f\left({\frac {1}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {3}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {5}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {7}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {9}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {11}{6}}\right)\right)\right)\\&={\frac {728\cdot ({\sqrt {3}}+1)}{27}}=73{,}664184\dots \end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f75615ed0d1703a4844bf81befe925a01ddb00b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -8.455ex; margin-bottom: -0.217ex; width:80.868ex; height:18.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S^{(6)}(f)&={\frac {1}{18}}\left(f(0)+2\left(f\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)+f(1)+f\left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {5}{3}}\right)\right)+f(2)\right)\\&+{\frac {1}{18}}\left(4\left(f\left({\frac {1}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {3}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {5}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {7}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {9}{6}}\right)+f\left({\frac {11}{6}}\right)\right)\right)\\&={\frac {728\cdot ({\sqrt {3}}+1)}{27}}=73{,}664184\dots \end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Diese Simpson-Näherung ist gleichwertig zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{3}}\left(T^{(6)}(f)+2M^{(6)}(f)\right)={\frac {4\cdot T^{(12)}(f)-T^{(6)}(f)}{3}}={\frac {728\cdot ({\sqrt {3}}+1)}{27}}=73{,}664184\dots ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>12</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>728</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>27</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>73,664</mn>
<mn>184</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{3}}\left(T^{(6)}(f)+2M^{(6)}(f)\right)={\frac {4\cdot T^{(12)}(f)-T^{(6)}(f)}{3}}={\frac {728\cdot ({\sqrt {3}}+1)}{27}}=73{,}664184\dots ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7abf7dcf2891448bfb1967945edd7fe987b45ba7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:84.148ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{3}}\left(T^{(6)}(f)+2M^{(6)}(f)\right)={\frac {4\cdot T^{(12)}(f)-T^{(6)}(f)}{3}}={\frac {728\cdot ({\sqrt {3}}+1)}{27}}=73{,}664184\dots ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T^{(6)}(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T^{(6)}(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aac1e06f6121bda20dca1ad906e657ccf239320a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.141ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T^{(6)}(f)}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T^{(12)}(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>12</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T^{(12)}(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6bbd86e724fa128cc5be26ddafaf8b4ac2adc817.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.963ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T^{(12)}(f)}" loading="lazy"></span> den Wert der <a href="Trapezregel#Sehnentrapezformel" title="Trapezregel">Sehnentrapezformel</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M^{(6)}(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M^{(6)}(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e781dc7ec6afb61dd28cbb3ce4bcc3b1d33773e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.92ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M^{(6)}(f)}" loading="lazy"></span> den Wert der <a href="Trapezregel#Tangententrapezformel_oder_Mittelpunktsregel" title="Trapezregel">Tangententrapezformel</a> bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fehlerabschätzung_2"><span id="Fehlerabsch.C3.A4tzung_2"></span>Fehlerabschätzung</h4></div>
<p>Die Fehlerabschätzung für das Restglied <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(f)=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,\mathrm {d} x-Q(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(f)=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,\mathrm {d} x-Q(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/afca951d72ecdfccf722ca221f593323d5cc9340.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:26.944ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(f)=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,\mathrm {d} x-Q(f)}" loading="lazy"></span> lautet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|E(f)\right|\leq {\frac {(b-a)}{2880}}h^{4}\max _{a\leq x\leq b}{\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2880</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|E(f)\right|\leq {\frac {(b-a)}{2880}}h^{4}\max _{a\leq x\leq b}{\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26a66cee956285ac6cf92c01a90f4c215bddfd46.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:33.942ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|E(f)\right|\leq {\frac {(b-a)}{2880}}h^{4}\max _{a\leq x\leq b}{\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>beziehungsweise für reellwertige Funktionen mit einer geeigneten Zwischenstelle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \zeta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \zeta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5c3916703cae7938143d38865f78f27faadd4ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.095ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \zeta }" loading="lazy"></span> aus dem Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(f)=-{\frac {(b-a)}{2880}}h^{4}f^{(4)}(\zeta ).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2880</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(f)=-{\frac {(b-a)}{2880}}h^{4}f^{(4)}(\zeta ).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d58459d62da01a57b2efef340e868b39b927e03.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:27.082ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(f)=-{\frac {(b-a)}{2880}}h^{4}f^{(4)}(\zeta ).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Faktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h^{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h^{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21db4c317590e3525f8ea8ad31f455d7af8ee8f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.393ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h^{4}}" loading="lazy"></span> in obiger Formel bedeutet, dass bei einer Halbierung der Schrittweite (Verdoppelung der Intervalle), wie es beim <a href="Romberg-Verfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Romberg-Verfahren">Romberg-Verfahren</a> mit der Romberg-Folge der Fall ist, der Fehler in etwa um den Faktor 16 kleiner wird, wie auch nachfolgendes Beispiel zeigt:
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beispiel_3">Beispiel</h4></div>
<p>Angewandt auf obiges Beispiel:
</p><p>Mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{(4)}(x)=3^{3x+3}\cdot \ln(3)^{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{(4)}(x)=3^{3x+3}\cdot \ln(3)^{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3b4db2aa8670718f48f975622dccfc79dd8d663.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.793ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{(4)}(x)=3^{3x+3}\cdot \ln(3)^{4}}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \max _{0\leq x\leq 2}\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|=3^{3\cdot 2+3}\cdot \ln(3)^{4}=3^{9}\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>9</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \max _{0\leq x\leq 2}\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|=3^{3\cdot 2+3}\cdot \ln(3)^{4}=3^{9}\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee541f77c56bb5f163c52f79cc6c6e114b464f07.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:44.724ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \max _{0\leq x\leq 2}\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|=3^{3\cdot 2+3}\cdot \ln(3)^{4}=3^{9}\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und somit die Fehlerabschätzung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|E^{(3)}(f)\right|\leq {\frac {2}{2880}}\cdot \left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)^{4}\cdot 3^{9}\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}={\frac {27\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}}{10}}=3{,}933\dotso }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>2880</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>9</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>27</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3,933</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|E^{(3)}(f)\right|\leq {\frac {2}{2880}}\cdot \left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)^{4}\cdot 3^{9}\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}={\frac {27\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}}{10}}=3{,}933\dotso }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d851063e3ddd3207dc3a17544bf92c8640df72f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:65.815ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|E^{(3)}(f)\right|\leq {\frac {2}{2880}}\cdot \left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)^{4}\cdot 3^{9}\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}={\frac {27\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}}{10}}=3{,}933\dotso }" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>die erwartungsgemäß einen größeren Wert ergibt als den exakten Wert
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{(3)}(f)=-0{,}5199\dotso .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0,519</mn>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{(3)}(f)=-0{,}5199\dotso .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4cfda8c19dd985ba8fb7c3895b8d80ac0b32cd9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.725ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{(3)}(f)=-0{,}5199\dotso .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Analog erhält man die Fehlerabschätzung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|E^{(6)}(f)\right|\leq {\frac {2}{2880}}\cdot \left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)^{4}\cdot 3^{9}\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}={\frac {27\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}}{160}}=0{,}2458\dotso }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>2880</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>9</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>27</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>160</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,245</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|E^{(6)}(f)\right|\leq {\frac {2}{2880}}\cdot \left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)^{4}\cdot 3^{9}\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}={\frac {27\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}}{160}}=0{,}2458\dotso }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5c4d38e68b40656b3e10a24b0b38372b1ce0f6c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:66.977ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|E^{(6)}(f)\right|\leq {\frac {2}{2880}}\cdot \left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)^{4}\cdot 3^{9}\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}={\frac {27\cdot (\ln(3))^{4}}{160}}=0{,}2458\dotso }" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>die erwartungsgemäß einen größeren Wert ergibt als den exakten Wert
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{(6)}(f)=-0{,}0359\dotso }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0,035</mn>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{(6)}(f)=-0{,}0359\dotso }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d225693b6039a85165a012b71f012ddc58cceb9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.691ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{(6)}(f)=-0{,}0359\dotso }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Es gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|E^{(6)}(f)\right|=0{,}0359\dotso \approx {\frac {\left|E^{(3)}(f)\right|}{16}}={\frac {0{,}5199\dotso }{16}}=0{,}03249\dotso }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,035</mn>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0,519</mn>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,032</mn>
<mn>49</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|E^{(6)}(f)\right|=0{,}0359\dotso \approx {\frac {\left|E^{(3)}(f)\right|}{16}}={\frac {0{,}5199\dotso }{16}}=0{,}03249\dotso }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da8b2ccd83fd4ca339c4898ce4c1a838b3ff5e3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:60.955ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|E^{(6)}(f)\right|=0{,}0359\dotso \approx {\frac {\left|E^{(3)}(f)\right|}{16}}={\frac {0{,}5199\dotso }{16}}=0{,}03249\dotso }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fehlerschätzung"><span id="Fehlersch.C3.A4tzung"></span>Fehlerschätzung</h4></div>
<p>Rechnet man die Simpsonregel zweimal mit 2 verschiedenen Anzahlen von Intervallen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\neq M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\neq M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/932d429397fe8141b11a94099535bd66695aac82.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.604ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\neq M}" loading="lazy"></span>, so erhält man folgende Fehlerschätzung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{(N)}(f)\approx {\frac {M^{4}}{M^{4}-N^{4}}}\left(S^{(M)}(f)-S^{(N)}(f)\right).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{(N)}(f)\approx {\frac {M^{4}}{M^{4}-N^{4}}}\left(S^{(M)}(f)-S^{(N)}(f)\right).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4111231bc5aff2ce755a11d4ed59c756095619c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:43.823ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{(N)}(f)\approx {\frac {M^{4}}{M^{4}-N^{4}}}\left(S^{(M)}(f)-S^{(N)}(f)\right).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Speziell bei der Verdoppelung der Intervalle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=2N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=2N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a4771d0db075611d7f83b40145db07045ed0ad9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.767ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=2N}" loading="lazy"></span> (Halbierung der Schrittweite) erhält man die Fehlerschätzung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{(N)}(f)\approx {\frac {16}{15}}\left(S^{(2N)}(f)-S^{(N)}(f)\right).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>16</mn>
<mn>15</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{(N)}(f)\approx {\frac {16}{15}}\left(S^{(2N)}(f)-S^{(N)}(f)\right).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe7af102be5aaf04d963959f822d60840ef44228.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:37.132ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{(N)}(f)\approx {\frac {16}{15}}\left(S^{(2N)}(f)-S^{(N)}(f)\right).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Angewandt auf das obige Beispiel erhält man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{(3)}(f)=-0{,}5199\dots \approx {\frac {16}{15}}\left(S^{(6)}(f)-S^{(3)}(f)\right)=-0{,}5162\dots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0,519</mn>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>16</mn>
<mn>15</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0,516</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{(3)}(f)=-0{,}5199\dots \approx {\frac {16}{15}}\left(S^{(6)}(f)-S^{(3)}(f)\right)=-0{,}5162\dots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3acf0b9938232dfdb23d3c9258076dd9408cc1de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:62.316ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{(3)}(f)=-0{,}5199\dots \approx {\frac {16}{15}}\left(S^{(6)}(f)-S^{(3)}(f)\right)=-0{,}5162\dots }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variante_2">Variante 2</h3></div>
<p>Hier unterteilt man das Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n={\tfrac {N}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>N</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n={\tfrac {N}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac7fd8b3be238d97108cc190120f90fc05b4d902.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:6.789ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n={\tfrac {N}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> nebeneinanderliegende, gleich große Teilintervalle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{i},x_{i+2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{i},x_{i+2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8096696151dfd1b933d1e37cb19ee6362bf6fc64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.687ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{i},x_{i+2}]}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Mittelpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i+1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i+1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc56fe176df2317239339ad413c58d09cd1c187b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.23ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i+1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961075004bd1ffd53a4685965e9eb3a9b691f645.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.501ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2h}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {b-a}{N}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {b-a}{N}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f1d1c06aa8dddcf9eb9121226740cd097fcd9bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.127ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {b-a}{N}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> jetzt gegenüber Variante 1 doppelt so groß ist, ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span> gegenüber Variante 1 nur halb so groß. Somit muss in allen Formeln von Variante 1 das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span> durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961075004bd1ffd53a4685965e9eb3a9b691f645.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.501ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2h}" loading="lazy"></span> ersetzt werden.
</p><p>Für jedes gerade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> wendet man auf das Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{i},x_{i+2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{i},x_{i+2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8096696151dfd1b933d1e37cb19ee6362bf6fc64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.687ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{i},x_{i+2}]}" loading="lazy"></span> die simpsonsche Formel
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {2h}{6}}\cdot (f(x_{i})+4\cdot f(x_{i+1})+f(x_{i+2}))={\frac {h}{3}}\cdot (f(x_{i})+4\cdot f(x_{i+1})+f(x_{i+2}))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {2h}{6}}\cdot (f(x_{i})+4\cdot f(x_{i+1})+f(x_{i+2}))={\frac {h}{3}}\cdot (f(x_{i})+4\cdot f(x_{i+1})+f(x_{i+2}))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ce4c9dc24568389f98e93b89e8325e827c9e3dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:72.338ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {2h}{6}}\cdot (f(x_{i})+4\cdot f(x_{i+1})+f(x_{i+2}))={\frac {h}{3}}\cdot (f(x_{i})+4\cdot f(x_{i+1})+f(x_{i+2}))}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>an und addiert danach die entstandenen Näherungen.
</p><p>Für gerades <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt nun <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n={\tfrac {N}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>N</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n={\tfrac {N}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac7fd8b3be238d97108cc190120f90fc05b4d902.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:6.789ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n={\tfrac {N}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {b-a}{N}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {b-a}{N}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f1d1c06aa8dddcf9eb9121226740cd097fcd9bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.127ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {b-a}{N}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{k}=a+k\cdot h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{k}=a+k\cdot h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5321886823b98e0df72c80a92d035efb26271a9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.816ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{k}=a+k\cdot h}" loading="lazy"></span> und man erhält:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{(n)}(f)={\frac {h}{3}}\left(f(x_{0})+4\cdot f(x_{1})+2\cdot f(x_{2})+4\cdot f(x_{3})+2\cdot f(x_{4})+\dotsb +4\cdot f(x_{N-1})+f(x_{N})\right).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S^{(n)}(f)={\frac {h}{3}}\left(f(x_{0})+4\cdot f(x_{1})+2\cdot f(x_{2})+4\cdot f(x_{3})+2\cdot f(x_{4})+\dotsb +4\cdot f(x_{N-1})+f(x_{N})\right).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5a3be5a55a22b5f42f32cb975ac47314337287a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:94.103ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{(n)}(f)={\frac {h}{3}}\left(f(x_{0})+4\cdot f(x_{1})+2\cdot f(x_{2})+4\cdot f(x_{3})+2\cdot f(x_{4})+\dotsb +4\cdot f(x_{N-1})+f(x_{N})\right).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bzw.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{(n)}(f)={\frac {h}{3}}\left(f(x_{0})+2\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}f(x_{2k})+f(x_{2n})+4\sum _{k=1}^{n}f(x_{2k-1})\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S^{(n)}(f)={\frac {h}{3}}\left(f(x_{0})+2\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}f(x_{2k})+f(x_{2n})+4\sum _{k=1}^{n}f(x_{2k-1})\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3bf0a96c03fd1c2f209b255aa8c04e242fd434c1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:62.241ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{(n)}(f)={\frac {h}{3}}\left(f(x_{0})+2\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}f(x_{2k})+f(x_{2n})+4\sum _{k=1}^{n}f(x_{2k-1})\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beispiel_4">Beispiel</h4></div>
<p>Angewandt auf obiges Beispiel:
</p><p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=6}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=6}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f87b8c5d4bce3e2d71bb4195b782a629146e9c7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=6}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n={\tfrac {N}{2}}=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>N</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n={\tfrac {N}{2}}=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c5c5231c398b2082a5775cf40974f3168651f84.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:11.049ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n={\tfrac {N}{2}}=3}" loading="lazy"></span> und die Schrittweite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {2}{6}}={\tfrac {1}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {2}{6}}={\tfrac {1}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa5b04653686b6070517662f61ba1837c85657a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:10.852ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h={\tfrac {2}{6}}={\tfrac {1}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dann ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S^{(3)}(f)&={\frac {1}{9}}\left(f(0)+2\left(f\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)\right)+f(2)+4\left(f\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {3}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {5}{3}}\right)\right)\right)\\&={\frac {2002}{27}}=74{,}{\overline {148}}\\\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>9</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>5</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2002</mn>
<mn>27</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>74</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>148</mn>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S^{(3)}(f)&={\frac {1}{9}}\left(f(0)+2\left(f\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)\right)+f(2)+4\left(f\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {3}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {5}{3}}\right)\right)\right)\\&={\frac {2002}{27}}=74{,}{\overline {148}}\\\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c03352d84aef90a81f2bf0ca1f1488930aec363e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.171ex; width:87.512ex; height:11.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S^{(3)}(f)&={\frac {1}{9}}\left(f(0)+2\left(f\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)\right)+f(2)+4\left(f\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {3}{3}}\right)+f\left({\frac {5}{3}}\right)\right)\right)\\&={\frac {2002}{27}}=74{,}{\overline {148}}\\\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Das ist das gleiche Resultat wie in Variante 1.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fehlerabschätzung_3"><span id="Fehlerabsch.C3.A4tzung_3"></span>Fehlerabschätzung</h4></div>
<p>Die Fehlerabschätzung für das Restglied <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{(n)}(f)=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,\mathrm {d} x-S^{(n)}(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{(n)}(f)=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,\mathrm {d} x-S^{(n)}(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/713d8efd54833eeeff63082ef1983ec853cbf3a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:31.642ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{(n)}(f)=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,\mathrm {d} x-S^{(n)}(f)}" loading="lazy"></span> lautet nun
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|E^{(n)}(f)\right|\leq {\frac {(b-a)}{2880}}(2h)^{4}\max _{a\leq x\leq b}{\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|}={\frac {(b-a)}{180}}h^{4}\max _{a\leq x\leq b}{\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2880</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>h</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>180</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|E^{(n)}(f)\right|\leq {\frac {(b-a)}{2880}}(2h)^{4}\max _{a\leq x\leq b}{\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|}={\frac {(b-a)}{180}}h^{4}\max _{a\leq x\leq b}{\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2099bfe55d4e2363103c317c813aff6466092454.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:66.568ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|E^{(n)}(f)\right|\leq {\frac {(b-a)}{2880}}(2h)^{4}\max _{a\leq x\leq b}{\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|}={\frac {(b-a)}{180}}h^{4}\max _{a\leq x\leq b}{\left|f^{(4)}(x)\right|},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>beziehungsweise für reellwertige Funktionen mit einer geeigneten Zwischenstelle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \zeta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \zeta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5c3916703cae7938143d38865f78f27faadd4ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.095ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \zeta }" loading="lazy"></span> aus dem Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{(n)}(f)=-{\frac {(b-a)}{180}}h^{4}f^{(4)}(\zeta ).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>180</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{(n)}(f)=-{\frac {(b-a)}{180}}h^{4}f^{(4)}(\zeta ).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01a3cf3c9e9a68119a107801c9b0b883cc25f12d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:29.598ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{(n)}(f)=-{\frac {(b-a)}{180}}h^{4}f^{(4)}(\zeta ).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zusammenhang_mit_anderen_Formeln">Zusammenhang mit anderen Formeln</h2></div>
<p>Addiert man zum Näherungswert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{(N)}(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S^{(N)}(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf5fa57d77b0adb506a76f68b8ef2aaf7d9bb33b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.58ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{(N)}(f)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Fehlerschätzung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{(N)}(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{(N)}(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aaa8ce32e60c9d3a57b6561171dee04ae273122d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.853ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{(N)}(f)}" loading="lazy"></span>, so erhält man die i. A. bessere Formel:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R^{(N)}(f)=S^{(N)}(f)+{\frac {16}{15}}\left(S^{(2N)}(f)-S^{(N)}(f)\right)={\frac {16\cdot S^{(2N)}(f)-S^{(N)}(f)}{15}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>16</mn>
<mn>15</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R^{(N)}(f)=S^{(N)}(f)+{\frac {16}{15}}\left(S^{(2N)}(f)-S^{(N)}(f)\right)={\frac {16\cdot S^{(2N)}(f)-S^{(N)}(f)}{15}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86bc1358d77d96271b01453f6efad99bf58b0f7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:73.897ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R^{(N)}(f)=S^{(N)}(f)+{\frac {16}{15}}\left(S^{(2N)}(f)-S^{(N)}(f)\right)={\frac {16\cdot S^{(2N)}(f)-S^{(N)}(f)}{15}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das ist die Formel für die 3. Spalte des Rechenschemas der <a href="Romberg-Integration" title="Romberg-Integration">Romberg-Integration</a> bei Verwendung der Romberg-Folge und gleichzeitig das Resultat der Milne-Regel (Abgeschlossene <a href="Newton-Cotes-Formel" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton-Cotes-Formel">Newton-Cotes-Formel</a> mit Genauigkeitsgrad 5) bei Anwendung auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> Teilintervalle von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b].}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b].}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3ba5cb29655f824ce80a0b6a32d9326d0e8742cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.202ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b].}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Angewandt auf obiges Beispiel erhält man mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R^{(3)}(f)={\frac {16\cdot S^{(6)}(f)-S^{(3)}(f)}{15}}={\frac {16\cdot 73{,}664\dots -74{,}{\overline {148}}}{15}}=73{,}63192\dots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>73,664</mn>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>74</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>148</mn>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>73,631</mn>
<mn>92</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R^{(3)}(f)={\frac {16\cdot S^{(6)}(f)-S^{(3)}(f)}{15}}={\frac {16\cdot 73{,}664\dots -74{,}{\overline {148}}}{15}}=73{,}63192\dots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/39e76c6972e02a27b94fa426d23bde4e900f3c93.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:73.766ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R^{(3)}(f)={\frac {16\cdot S^{(6)}(f)-S^{(3)}(f)}{15}}={\frac {16\cdot 73{,}664\dots -74{,}{\overline {148}}}{15}}=73{,}63192\dots }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>eine bessere Näherung für das exakte Integral <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J(f)=\int _{0}^{2}3^{3x-1}\,\mathrm {d} x=73{,}628239\dots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>73,628</mn>
<mn>239</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J(f)=\int _{0}^{2}3^{3x-1}\,\mathrm {d} x=73{,}628239\dots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a9bcf9aad974b2c143314b58138a8ebfc86b469.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:35.985ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J(f)=\int _{0}^{2}3^{3x-1}\,\mathrm {d} x=73{,}628239\dots }" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>als mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{(3)}(f)=74{,}{\overline {148}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>74</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>148</mn>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S^{(3)}(f)=74{,}{\overline {148}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dead323a875b0429f4c993b16ed1ec0dac132447.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.616ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{(3)}(f)=74{,}{\overline {148}}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{(6)}(f)=73{,}664\dots ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>73,664</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S^{(6)}(f)=73{,}664\dots ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b62c4a4f256029bc9f88b4888ca7da8fa10a925.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.645ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{(6)}(f)=73{,}664\dots ,}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>bei gleicher Anzahl auszuwertender Funktionswerte wie bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{(6)}(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S^{(6)}(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b0fc25c8a023dcb3239ffa3f79c601b290568a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.943ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{(6)}(f)}" loading="lazy"></span>, nämlich 13 Stück.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>Die Formel wurde erstmals von dem 1608 geborenen <a href="Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> benutzt, ist aber nach dem 1710 geborenen englischen Mathematiker <a href="Thomas_Simpson_(Mathematiker)" title="Thomas Simpson (Mathematiker)">Thomas Simpson</a> benannt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keplersche_Fassregel">Keplersche Fassregel</h3></div>
<p>Die Anwendung der Simpsonregel auf <a href="Rotationsk%C3%B6rper" title="Rotationskörper">Rotationskörper</a> entspricht der Keplerschen Fassregel, die <a href="Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> bereits 1615 aufstellte. Über die Entstehungsgeschichte berichtet Kepler in der Widmung der späteren Veröffentlichung. Nachdem 1611 Keplers erste Frau in Prag gestorben war, heiratete er – nun in Linz arbeitend – 1613 wieder. Er kaufte für die Hochzeit einige Fässer Wein. Als der Wein eingekellert war, kam der Verkäufer mit einer Messrute und bestimmte den Inhalt für alle Fässer ohne Überlegung oder Rechnung nach der gleichen Methode. Die Messrute wurde mit ihrer metallenen Spitze durch das Spundloch quer bis zu den Rändern der beiden Böden eingeführt und die Marke am Spundloch ergab den Rauminhalt. Kepler wunderte sich, dass eine Diagonale durch die Fasshälfte ein Maß für den Rauminhalt abgeben sollte, und bezweifelte die Richtigkeit dieser Methode, da ein sehr niedriges Fass mit etwas breiteren Böden und daher sehr viel kleinerem Rauminhalt die gleiche Visierlänge besitzen könnte.
</p><p>Kepler verfasste daraufhin die Schrift <i>Nova Stereometria doliorum vinariorum</i> 1615 (Neue Inhaltsberechnung von Weinfässern), in der er nach überprüfbaren Methoden zur Inhaltsberechnung von Weinfässern suchte. Eine dieser Methoden bestand darin, die Krümmung des Fasses durch eine <a href="Parabel_(Mathematik)" title="Parabel (Mathematik)">Parabel</a> anzunähern, da Inhaltsberechnungen mit Hilfe von Parabeln seit <a href="Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> exakt durchgeführt werden konnten.
</p><p>Unter anderem beschrieb er darin eine Formel zur Berechnung der Kapazität (genauer des <a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumens</a>) von <a href="Fass" title="Fass">Weinfässern</a> mit unregelmäßigen Formen. Diese Formel liefert exakte Werte für den <a href="Kreiszylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreiszylinder">Kreiszylinder</a> und <a href="Kegelstumpf" title="Kegelstumpf">Kegelstumpf</a> (einschließlich <a href="Kegel_(Geometrie)" title="Kegel (Geometrie)">Kegel</a>) und gute Näherungen für <a href="Kugel" title="Kugel">Kugel</a>, <a href="Rotationsellipsoid" title="Rotationsellipsoid">Rotationsellipsoid</a>, <a href="Elliptisches_Paraboloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptisches Paraboloid">elliptisches Paraboloid</a> und <a href="Einschaliges_Hyperboloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Einschaliges Hyperboloid">einschaliges Hyperboloid</a>, also Rotationskörper durch rotierende Kegelschnitte.
</p><p>Der Name Fassregel lässt sich durch die folgende Anwendung begründen: Zur Berechnung des Volumens eines <a href="Weinfass" class="mw-redirect" title="Weinfass">Weinfasses</a> sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c38bbafe34a043d284f19231b946a76c0a4b16b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.209ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Querschnittsfläche quer zur Längsachse in der Entfernung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> vom Boden des Fasses. Sie lässt sich durch Bestimmung des Umfanges leicht ausrechnen. Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span> die Höhe des Fasses, so ist das <a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumen</a> gleich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=\int _{0}^{h}q(x)\,\mathrm {d} x.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=\int _{0}^{h}q(x)\,\mathrm {d} x.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e060ff5df0ec15f1d6917c5647efe8fc0b860fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.781ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=\int _{0}^{h}q(x)\,\mathrm {d} x.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Keplersche Fassregel gibt nun
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V\approx {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(q(0)+4q\left({\frac {h}{2}}\right)+q(h)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V\approx {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(q(0)+4q\left({\frac {h}{2}}\right)+q(h)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffc521e9821cf191b4bc68529679531108db5466.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:34.316ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V\approx {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(q(0)+4q\left({\frac {h}{2}}\right)+q(h)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>als <a href="N%C3%A4herungswert" title="Näherungswert">Näherungswert</a> für das Volumen eines Körpers, dessen Querschnitt an drei Stellen bekannt ist. Ist der Körper ein <a href="Rotationsk%C3%B6rper" title="Rotationskörper">Rotationskörper</a>, so gilt bei Rotation der (Radius-)Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d457e88abd861f46ede37d27c4669c747367109.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.188ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> um die x-Achse:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V&=\pi \cdot \int _{0}^{h}(r(x))^{2}\mathrm {d} x\\&\approx \pi {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(\left(r(0)\right)^{2}+4\left(r\left({\frac {h}{2}}\right)\right)^{2}+(r(h))^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>V</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V&=\pi \cdot \int _{0}^{h}(r(x))^{2}\mathrm {d} x\\&\approx \pi {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(\left(r(0)\right)^{2}+4\left(r\left({\frac {h}{2}}\right)\right)^{2}+(r(h))^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b70168f26fd1379ff84148e99ff070472e75528.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.151ex; margin-bottom: -0.187ex; width:46.8ex; height:13.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V&=\pi \cdot \int _{0}^{h}(r(x))^{2}\mathrm {d} x\\&\approx \pi {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(\left(r(0)\right)^{2}+4\left(r\left({\frac {h}{2}}\right)\right)^{2}+(r(h))^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}" loading="lazy"></span> der Umfang von Boden und Deckel und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Umfang_(Geometrie)" title="Umfang (Geometrie)">Umfang</a> in der Mitte des Fasses, so ergibt sich daraus der Näherungswert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V&\approx N\\&=\pi {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(2\left({\frac {u}{2\pi }}\right)^{2}+4\left({\frac {U}{2\pi }}\right)^{2}\right)\\&=\pi {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(2\left({\frac {u^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}\right)+4\left({\frac {U^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}\right)\right)\\&={\frac {h}{6\pi }}\cdot \left({\frac {1}{2}}u^{2}+U^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>V</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V&\approx N\\&=\pi {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(2\left({\frac {u}{2\pi }}\right)^{2}+4\left({\frac {U}{2\pi }}\right)^{2}\right)\\&=\pi {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(2\left({\frac {u^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}\right)+4\left({\frac {U^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}\right)\right)\\&={\frac {h}{6\pi }}\cdot \left({\frac {1}{2}}u^{2}+U^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b93f5c8b9daeba681a32a7fdd92009bb8750875.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -10.759ex; margin-bottom: -0.246ex; width:35.8ex; height:23.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V&\approx N\\&=\pi {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(2\left({\frac {u}{2\pi }}\right)^{2}+4\left({\frac {U}{2\pi }}\right)^{2}\right)\\&=\pi {\frac {h}{6}}\cdot \left(2\left({\frac {u^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}\right)+4\left({\frac {U^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}\right)\right)\\&={\frac {h}{6\pi }}\cdot \left({\frac {1}{2}}u^{2}+U^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>Also (selbstverständlich Innenmaße):</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\text{Fass}}\approx {\frac {h}{12\pi }}\cdot \left(u^{2}+2U^{2}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Fass</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>12</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\text{Fass}}\approx {\frac {h}{12\pi }}\cdot \left(u^{2}+2U^{2}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55b1050749c6c464f51698ffe1195ced95930278.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:25.461ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\text{Fass}}\approx {\frac {h}{12\pi }}\cdot \left(u^{2}+2U^{2}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>oder
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\text{Fass}}\approx {\frac {\pi h}{12}}\cdot \left(d_{\text{Rand}}^{2}+2d_{\text{Mitte}}^{2}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Fass</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>12</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Rand</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msubsup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Mitte</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\text{Fass}}\approx {\frac {\pi h}{12}}\cdot \left(d_{\text{Rand}}^{2}+2d_{\text{Mitte}}^{2}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cee2a4175d3e508a5c60e0e13161981c6eca6b4f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:29.911ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\text{Fass}}\approx {\frac {\pi h}{12}}\cdot \left(d_{\text{Rand}}^{2}+2d_{\text{Mitte}}^{2}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parabolische_Krümmung"><span id="Parabolische_Kr.C3.BCmmung"></span>Parabolische Krümmung</h4></div>
<p>Hat das Fass eine parabolische Krümmung, so erhält man das Fass durch Rotation der Funktion des <a href="Radius" title="Radius">Radius</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r(x)=ax^{2}+bx+c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r(x)=ax^{2}+bx+c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/650c6aaff8c15053cbcffa941533ad16b9005b49.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.915ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r(x)=ax^{2}+bx+c}" loading="lazy"></span> um die x-Achse. Legt man zur Vereinfachung das Achsenkreuz in die Mitte des Fasses, so gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r(x)=ax^{2}+c\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r(x)=ax^{2}+c\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3b16f8bbf4c0fbbde05d7842f136520738da765.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.781ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r(x)=ax^{2}+c\,.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{r}=r\left({\tfrac {h}{2}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{r}=r\left({\tfrac {h}{2}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3c172f82b7f899a492f3d3d2df79f8c5d6e299b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.115ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{r}=r\left({\tfrac {h}{2}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{0}=r(0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{0}=r(0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e1e4b5dd961393cd2451a8c45419c09628c18740.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.222ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{0}=r(0)}" loading="lazy"></span> ergeben sich die Parameter
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a={\frac {4}{h^{2}}}(r_{r}-r_{0})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a={\frac {4}{h^{2}}}(r_{r}-r_{0})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fecff59f48c5d92d42be11e8946950309be7f098.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:16.333ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a={\frac {4}{h^{2}}}(r_{r}-r_{0})}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=r_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=r_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9885d1180c994a6dc2b7c65e48433a095ccc09c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.208ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=r_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und damit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r(x)={\frac {4}{h^{2}}}(r_{r}-r_{0})\cdot x^{2}+r_{0}\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r(x)={\frac {4}{h^{2}}}(r_{r}-r_{0})\cdot x^{2}+r_{0}\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a53b02e4f05f5a9ed953ca813b7fedc096d361f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:29.331ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r(x)={\frac {4}{h^{2}}}(r_{r}-r_{0})\cdot x^{2}+r_{0}\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{r}={\frac {u}{2\pi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{r}={\frac {u}{2\pi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67c49ca0a849b4fda14bc69f691062152bdbf43c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:8.451ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{r}={\frac {u}{2\pi }}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{0}={\frac {U}{2\pi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{0}={\frac {U}{2\pi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/465ee173ba70375272a918b1355eef9862b4defc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:8.532ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{0}={\frac {U}{2\pi }}}" loading="lazy"></span> also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}r(x)&={\frac {4}{h^{2}}}\left({\frac {u}{2\pi }}-{\frac {U}{2\pi }}\right)\cdot x^{2}+{\frac {U}{2\pi }}\\&=2{\frac {u-U}{\pi h^{2}}}x^{2}+{\frac {U}{2\pi }}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
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<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}r(x)&={\frac {4}{h^{2}}}\left({\frac {u}{2\pi }}-{\frac {U}{2\pi }}\right)\cdot x^{2}+{\frac {U}{2\pi }}\\&=2{\frac {u-U}{\pi h^{2}}}x^{2}+{\frac {U}{2\pi }}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f844fa9c1482a870469548709fedb95930ca228.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.056ex; margin-bottom: -0.282ex; width:34.811ex; height:11.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}r(x)&={\frac {4}{h^{2}}}\left({\frac {u}{2\pi }}-{\frac {U}{2\pi }}\right)\cdot x^{2}+{\frac {U}{2\pi }}\\&=2{\frac {u-U}{\pi h^{2}}}x^{2}+{\frac {U}{2\pi }}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für den Querschnitt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q(x)=\pi \cdot r(x)^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q(x)=\pi \cdot r(x)^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f72cb63372c0320ce5309af6c94e2c4f617025bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.56ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q(x)=\pi \cdot r(x)^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt das
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q(x)={\frac {1}{\pi }}\left({\frac {4(u-U)^{2}}{h^{4}}}\cdot x^{4}+{\frac {2U(u-U)}{h^{2}}}\cdot x^{2}+{\frac {U^{2}}{4}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
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<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q(x)={\frac {1}{\pi }}\left({\frac {4(u-U)^{2}}{h^{4}}}\cdot x^{4}+{\frac {2U(u-U)}{h^{2}}}\cdot x^{2}+{\frac {U^{2}}{4}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/154d4d8335dba26116f190db4257a48958752e15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:53.44ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q(x)={\frac {1}{\pi }}\left({\frac {4(u-U)^{2}}{h^{4}}}\cdot x^{4}+{\frac {2U(u-U)}{h^{2}}}\cdot x^{2}+{\frac {U^{2}}{4}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Damit gilt für das <a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumen</a> unter Beachtung der Symmetrie der <a href="Gerade_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerade Funktion">geraden Funktion</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V&=\int _{-{\frac {h}{2}}}^{\frac {h}{2}}q(x)\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=2\cdot \int _{0}^{\frac {h}{2}}q(x)\,\mathrm {d} x\\&={\frac {2}{\pi }}\cdot \int _{0}^{\frac {h}{2}}\left({\frac {4(u-U)^{2}}{h^{4}}}\cdot x^{4}+{\frac {2U(u-U)}{h^{2}}}\cdot x^{2}+{\frac {U^{2}}{4}}\right)\,\mathrm {d} x\\&={\frac {2}{\pi }}\left[4{\frac {(u-U)^{2}}{h^{4}}}\cdot {\frac {x^{5}}{5}}+{\frac {2U(u-U)}{h^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {x^{3}}{3}}+{\frac {U^{2}}{4}}\cdot x\right]_{0}^{\frac {h}{2}}\\&={\frac {2}{\pi }}\left(4{\frac {(u-U)^{2}}{h^{4}}}\cdot {\frac {h^{5}}{2^{5}\cdot 5}}+{\frac {2U(u-U)}{h^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {h^{3}}{2^{3}\cdot 3}}+{\frac {U^{2}}{4}}\cdot {\frac {h}{2}}\right)\\&={\frac {1}{\pi }}\left(8{\frac {(u-U)^{2}}{2^{5}\cdot 5}}h+4{\frac {U(u-U)}{2^{3}\cdot 3}}h+2{\frac {U^{2}}{2\cdot 4}}h\right)\\&={\frac {h}{\pi }}\left({\frac {1}{20}}(u-U)^{2}+{\frac {1}{6}}U(u-U)+{\frac {1}{4}}U^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>V</mi>
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<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtr>
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<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>q</mi>
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<mi></mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>h</mi>
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<mo>(</mo>
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<mfrac>
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<mn>4</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
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</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
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<mfrac>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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<msubsup>
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<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
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</msup>
<mn>5</mn>
</mfrac>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
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<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>4</mn>
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<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
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<mtr>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow>
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<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
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<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
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<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
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</mfrac>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mrow>
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<mn>8</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
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</mrow>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mn>1</mn>
<mn>20</mn>
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<mn>6</mn>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
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</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V&=\int _{-{\frac {h}{2}}}^{\frac {h}{2}}q(x)\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=2\cdot \int _{0}^{\frac {h}{2}}q(x)\,\mathrm {d} x\\&={\frac {2}{\pi }}\cdot \int _{0}^{\frac {h}{2}}\left({\frac {4(u-U)^{2}}{h^{4}}}\cdot x^{4}+{\frac {2U(u-U)}{h^{2}}}\cdot x^{2}+{\frac {U^{2}}{4}}\right)\,\mathrm {d} x\\&={\frac {2}{\pi }}\left[4{\frac {(u-U)^{2}}{h^{4}}}\cdot {\frac {x^{5}}{5}}+{\frac {2U(u-U)}{h^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {x^{3}}{3}}+{\frac {U^{2}}{4}}\cdot x\right]_{0}^{\frac {h}{2}}\\&={\frac {2}{\pi }}\left(4{\frac {(u-U)^{2}}{h^{4}}}\cdot {\frac {h^{5}}{2^{5}\cdot 5}}+{\frac {2U(u-U)}{h^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {h^{3}}{2^{3}\cdot 3}}+{\frac {U^{2}}{4}}\cdot {\frac {h}{2}}\right)\\&={\frac {1}{\pi }}\left(8{\frac {(u-U)^{2}}{2^{5}\cdot 5}}h+4{\frac {U(u-U)}{2^{3}\cdot 3}}h+2{\frac {U^{2}}{2\cdot 4}}h\right)\\&={\frac {h}{\pi }}\left({\frac {1}{20}}(u-U)^{2}+{\frac {1}{6}}U(u-U)+{\frac {1}{4}}U^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2627cd32d75cf1db3d3007dab9fdc95c7dcd5a49.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -26.171ex; width:62.645ex; height:53.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V&=\int _{-{\frac {h}{2}}}^{\frac {h}{2}}q(x)\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=2\cdot \int _{0}^{\frac {h}{2}}q(x)\,\mathrm {d} x\\&={\frac {2}{\pi }}\cdot \int _{0}^{\frac {h}{2}}\left({\frac {4(u-U)^{2}}{h^{4}}}\cdot x^{4}+{\frac {2U(u-U)}{h^{2}}}\cdot x^{2}+{\frac {U^{2}}{4}}\right)\,\mathrm {d} x\\&={\frac {2}{\pi }}\left[4{\frac {(u-U)^{2}}{h^{4}}}\cdot {\frac {x^{5}}{5}}+{\frac {2U(u-U)}{h^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {x^{3}}{3}}+{\frac {U^{2}}{4}}\cdot x\right]_{0}^{\frac {h}{2}}\\&={\frac {2}{\pi }}\left(4{\frac {(u-U)^{2}}{h^{4}}}\cdot {\frac {h^{5}}{2^{5}\cdot 5}}+{\frac {2U(u-U)}{h^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {h^{3}}{2^{3}\cdot 3}}+{\frac {U^{2}}{4}}\cdot {\frac {h}{2}}\right)\\&={\frac {1}{\pi }}\left(8{\frac {(u-U)^{2}}{2^{5}\cdot 5}}h+4{\frac {U(u-U)}{2^{3}\cdot 3}}h+2{\frac {U^{2}}{2\cdot 4}}h\right)\\&={\frac {h}{\pi }}\left({\frac {1}{20}}(u-U)^{2}+{\frac {1}{6}}U(u-U)+{\frac {1}{4}}U^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>oder:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V&={\frac {h}{\pi }}\left({\frac {1}{20}}(u^{2}-2uU+U^{2})+{\frac {1}{6}}(Uu-U^{2})+{\frac {1}{4}}U^{2}\right)\\&={\frac {h}{60\pi }}\left(3u^{2}-6uU+3U^{2}+10Uu-10U^{2}+15U^{2}\right)\\&={\frac {h}{60\pi }}\left(3u^{2}+4uU+8U^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>V</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>20</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>60</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mi>U</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>15</mn>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>60</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V&={\frac {h}{\pi }}\left({\frac {1}{20}}(u^{2}-2uU+U^{2})+{\frac {1}{6}}(Uu-U^{2})+{\frac {1}{4}}U^{2}\right)\\&={\frac {h}{60\pi }}\left(3u^{2}-6uU+3U^{2}+10Uu-10U^{2}+15U^{2}\right)\\&={\frac {h}{60\pi }}\left(3u^{2}+4uU+8U^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f96a01389d19e5138dadf5606488ce4cd9a6d59b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -8.005ex; width:55.057ex; height:17.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V&={\frac {h}{\pi }}\left({\frac {1}{20}}(u^{2}-2uU+U^{2})+{\frac {1}{6}}(Uu-U^{2})+{\frac {1}{4}}U^{2}\right)\\&={\frac {h}{60\pi }}\left(3u^{2}-6uU+3U^{2}+10Uu-10U^{2}+15U^{2}\right)\\&={\frac {h}{60\pi }}\left(3u^{2}+4uU+8U^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Als Fehler erhält man:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(f)=V-N={\frac {h}{60\pi }}\cdot \left(3u^{2}+4Uu+8U^{2}\right)-{\frac {h}{12\pi }}\cdot \left(u^{2}+2U^{2}\right)=-{\frac {h}{30\pi }}\cdot (u-U)^{2}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>60</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>U</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>12</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>30</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(f)=V-N={\frac {h}{60\pi }}\cdot \left(3u^{2}+4Uu+8U^{2}\right)-{\frac {h}{12\pi }}\cdot \left(u^{2}+2U^{2}\right)=-{\frac {h}{30\pi }}\cdot (u-U)^{2}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bda84e3298611159b9defe7ed221ed82b8d3654b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:84.58ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(f)=V-N={\frac {h}{60\pi }}\cdot \left(3u^{2}+4Uu+8U^{2}\right)-{\frac {h}{12\pi }}\cdot \left(u^{2}+2U^{2}\right)=-{\frac {h}{30\pi }}\cdot (u-U)^{2}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>An diesem Beispiel kann man die Gültigkeit der oben angegebenen Formel
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(f)=-{\frac {(b-a)^{5}}{2880}}{f^{(4)}(\zeta )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>2880</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(f)=-{\frac {(b-a)^{5}}{2880}}{f^{(4)}(\zeta )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84f63367db22625e2aedef12314c94c254c8be2e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:25.096ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(f)=-{\frac {(b-a)^{5}}{2880}}{f^{(4)}(\zeta )}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gut verifizieren. Hier ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b-a=h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b-a=h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/045f60fce3971a5b0b27f7849ea19942f862b9ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.505ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b-a=h}" loading="lazy"></span> und
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=\pi \cdot (r(x))^{2}=\pi \cdot \left({2{\frac {u-U}{\pi h^{2}}}}x^{2}+{\frac {U}{2\pi }}\right)^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=\pi \cdot (r(x))^{2}=\pi \cdot \left({2{\frac {u-U}{\pi h^{2}}}}x^{2}+{\frac {U}{2\pi }}\right)^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0dba8f7b95299e89df9587a0a3b0d4940e99714c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:44.669ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=\pi \cdot (r(x))^{2}=\pi \cdot \left({2{\frac {u-U}{\pi h^{2}}}}x^{2}+{\frac {U}{2\pi }}\right)^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ein <a href="Polynom" title="Polynom">Polynom</a> vom Grad 4 mit konstanter 4. <a href="Ableitung_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ableitung (Mathematik)">Ableitung</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{(4)}(x)={\frac {96\cdot (u-U)^{2}}{\pi \cdot h^{4}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>96</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{(4)}(x)={\frac {96\cdot (u-U)^{2}}{\pi \cdot h^{4}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f8f4f6da4ed7eb04a22788fd35d24ea807c5845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:24.195ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{(4)}(x)={\frac {96\cdot (u-U)^{2}}{\pi \cdot h^{4}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für den Fehler erhält man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(f)=-{\frac {h^{5}}{2880}}\cdot {\frac {96\cdot (u-U)^{2}}{\pi \cdot h^{4}}}=-{\frac {h}{30\pi }}\cdot (u-U)^{2}\leq 0,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>2880</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>96</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>30</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(f)=-{\frac {h^{5}}{2880}}\cdot {\frac {96\cdot (u-U)^{2}}{\pi \cdot h^{4}}}=-{\frac {h}{30\pi }}\cdot (u-U)^{2}\leq 0,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/847482ab6a676b6cffda8b5c1daced7cff9cfd76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:55.394ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(f)=-{\frac {h^{5}}{2880}}\cdot {\frac {96\cdot (u-U)^{2}}{\pi \cdot h^{4}}}=-{\frac {h}{30\pi }}\cdot (u-U)^{2}\leq 0,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>somit den gleichen Wert wie oben.
</p><p>Der Fehler ist kleiner oder gleich Null. Damit ist die Näherung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> größer oder gleich dem exakten <a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der Fehler ist umso größer, je mehr sich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> unterscheiden, je gewölbter das Fass ist. Der Fehler ist genau dann 0, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u=U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u=U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f0ac72f41dc9ef766fb4e034b803f01c1ca6bf4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u=U}" loading="lazy"></span>, das Fass also ein <a href="Zylinder_(Geometrie)" title="Zylinder (Geometrie)">Zylinder</a> ist, in Übereinstimmung mit obiger Aussage, dass die Formel für Zylinder exakt ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwendung_als_Runge-Kutta-Verfahren">Verwendung als Runge-Kutta-Verfahren</h2></div>
<p>Die Simpsonregel lässt sich auch als <a href="Runge-Kutta-Verfahren" title="Runge-Kutta-Verfahren">Runge-Kutta-Verfahren</a> darstellen, und zwar mit dem <a href="Butcher-Tableau" class="mw-redirect" title="Butcher-Tableau">Butcher-Schema</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c|ccc}0&0&0&0\\{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}&0&0\\1&-1&2&0\\\hline &{\frac {1}{6}}&{\frac {4}{6}}&{\frac {1}{6}}\end{array}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="center center center center" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em" rowlines="none none solid" columnlines="solid none none">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c|ccc}0&0&0&0\\{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}&0&0\\1&-1&2&0\\\hline &{\frac {1}{6}}&{\frac {4}{6}}&{\frac {1}{6}}\end{array}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b800a1678b4d6604c06f75e9def616759663eccc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.005ex; width:18.169ex; height:15.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c|ccc}0&0&0&0\\{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}&0&0\\1&-1&2&0\\\hline &{\frac {1}{6}}&{\frac {4}{6}}&{\frac {1}{6}}\end{array}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Hans R. Schwarz, Norbert Köckler: <i>Numerische Mathematik.</i> 6. Auflage, Teubner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-519-42960-8, S. 311–316.</li>
<li>Johannes Kepler: <i>Neue Stereometrie der Fässer</i>. Aus dem Lateinischen übersetzt und herausgegeben von R. Klug. W. Engelmann. Leipzig, 1908.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Simpson%27s_rule?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Simpson's rule</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keplerraum.at/fass.html">Website des Museumsraum zu Johannes Kepler des Bundesrealgymnasium Kepler, Graz</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Josef_Stoer" title="Josef Stoer">Josef Stoer</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Einführung in die Numerische Mathematik I</cite>. Unter Berücksichtigung von Vorlesungen von <a href="F._L._Bauer" class="mw-redirect" title="F. L. Bauer">F. L. Bauer</a> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Heidelberger Taschenbücher</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>105</span>). 9. Auflage. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York / Tokyo 2005, ISBN 3-540-21395-3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>157</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Simpsonregel&rft.au=Josef+Stoer&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Numerische+Mathematik+I&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=9.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3540213953&rft.pages=157&rft.place=Berlin+%2F+Heidelberg+%2F+New+York+%2F+Tokyo&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.series=Heidelberger+Taschenb%C3%BCcher" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Josef_Stoer" title="Josef Stoer">Josef Stoer</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Einführung in die Numerische Mathematik I</cite>. Unter Berücksichtigung von Vorlesungen von <a href="F._L._Bauer" class="mw-redirect" title="F. L. Bauer">F. L. Bauer</a> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Heidelberger Taschenbücher</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>105</span>). 9. Auflage. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York / Tokyo 2005, ISBN 3-540-21395-3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>161<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>ff</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Simpsonregel&rft.au=Josef+Stoer&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Numerische+Mathematik+I&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=9.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3540213953&rft.pages=161ff&rft.place=Berlin+%2F+Heidelberg+%2F+New+York+%2F+Tokyo&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.series=Heidelberger+Taschenb%C3%BCcher" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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